Edited for dates:1. The earliest you can apply will depend on what date you actually entered the UK (i.e. the date on the stamp on your visa in your passport). The earliest you can apply is 28 days before you reach 30 months in the UK. From your signature, I see your visa was issued at the end of Feb 2017, and from your previous posts, you arrived in the UK on April 28th 2017?
If so, you will reach 30 months on October 28th 2019, so you can apply for FLR(M) 28 days before that... so, 30th September 2019
2. The application is here:
https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/apply-to-extend-stay-in-the-uk-as-a-partner-or-dependent-child-form-flrm3. Current cost is £1033 plus £1000 IHS.
The application system has completely changed now - you now apply online, upload your documents and then attend a biometrics appointment with UKVI's commercial partner, Sopra Steria. I think you can either book a free appointment, or pay about £125 for a specified day/time appointment, or pay extra for them to scan your documents for you, or pay £800 for a premium appointment, which is supposed to give a 24-hour decision.
4. You only need to cover the last 2 years, so if you're applying at the end of September, you want to cover September/October 2017 to September 2019. You need 1 document in each name every 4 months, from at least 3 different sources.
So, for a September application, you might use documents from:
Sep/Oct 2017
Jan/Feb 2017
May/June 2018
Sep/Oct 2018
Jan/Feb 2018
May/June 2019
(Sep 2019)