Just to add to the discussion (altho as always, expat_in_scotland knows her stuff!) we've recently moved to one of the 'burbs of Edinburgh from London. We're in West Lothian at the moment, about 15-20 minutes drive to the centre of Edinburgh, 7 miles from the airport, and about 1.5 miles from a train station that takes us into the centre of town in 18 minutes. And we love it here.
Edinburgh is indeed full of flats and that is mainly what people live in if they live in the city. There are some homes there, but they are incredibly expensive, and you don't get much for you money really. We looked at a few flats in Edinburgh when we were making the decision to move up here, and to be honest, I wasn't happy with the style of most of them. (But I'm a bit of a snob, so you may love them!) We were also disappointed with how expensive even a small flat was...and we were looking to buy. So we decided to go just outside the city. We've recently bought a detached house in a lovely neighbourhood, three bedrooms, garden, garage and gorgeous views of the Scottish countryside, for £20k -£30k LESS than we would have paid for a little two bed flat up three or four flights of stairs (in a darkened entryway), with no parking. So we feel like we've made a pretty good decision, especially given the proximity of the city if/when we want to go there.
As for the differences between Scotland and the US, well, I think they are largely the same as the differences between all of the UK and the US. I think I've probably been here a bit too long now to really appreciate the differences because this is my life now, but there are cultural differences, sure. I think expat_in_scotland hit it on the head though, because it really depends on your current lifestyle as to how you'll adapt to a British life. I moved from a horse farm in Hole-in-the-Wall Tennessee to London...that was a bit of an adjustment, that's for sure! Best thing to do is come and visit for a bit and see what its like. Edinburgh is a beautiful city. It's fully of history and students, shops and pubs, and lots and lots of theatres. It's also crowded...there's a lot of traffic and congestion. And it's a very expensive place to live, with a history of affluency.
But the people here are much, much more friendly than "down south" and I have found living here to be more in line with what I wanted my lifestyle to be than London ever was. It is a very individual thing whether or not you'll like one place or another.