You must get a provisional license, but (according to my husband) there is no set amount of time about how long you have to have it before taking the test...i.e. could take the test right after getting it.
You also will have to take the written and hazard perception test.
You might want to look into insurance rates before getting your provisional license. For instance, while I'm driving on my US license we get lower insurance rates than we will when I get a provisional license, because then I'll be considered a new driver. This may differ for you depending on what car you drive, what insurance company you go with, etc.
Because of this, I'm going to wait until right before I'm ready to take my test to get my provisional license, and go as far as possible (without going over a year) on my US license.